量子世界中的Schrodinger,揭秘神秘猫的奇异之旅

Okay, "Schrodinger" almost certainly refers to "Erwin Schrödinger" (1887–1961), a brilliant and influential Austrian physicist.
He is one of the founders of quantum mechanics and is renowned for:
1. "Schrödinger Equation:" His formulation of the fundamental equation describing how the quantum state of a physical system changes over time. This is arguably the core of quantum mechanics. 2. "Wave-Particle Duality:" His work, particularly the famous thought experiment involving a cat, helped illustrate the strange and counter-intuitive nature of quantum superposition, where particles can exist in multiple states simultaneously until measured. 3. "The Schrödinger Cat Thought Experiment:" Perhaps his most famous contribution outside of physics, designed to highlight the apparent absurdity of applying quantum mechanics to macroscopic objects. It challenges our understanding of reality and measurement. 4. "Other Contributions:" He also made significant contributions to the fields of statistical mechanics,色散理论 (dispersion theory), and nuclear physics.
"Erwin Schrödinger was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933" (shared with Paul Dirac) "for the discovery of the laws of quantum mechanics governing the radiation of light and the motion of electrons in atoms."
"Are you asking about:"
Erwin Schrödinger himself and his work? The famous Schrödinger equation? The Schrödinger cat thought

相关阅读延伸:Schrodinger's cat/薛定谔的猫

说起科学史上最有名的实验动物,能跟巴甫洛夫的狗相比的,大概非薛定谔的猫(Schrodinger's cat)莫属。但巴甫洛夫的狗是确有其狗,薛定谔的猫只活/死在想象之中。

在热播了12年的美剧《生活大爆炸》第一季,物理学博士莱纳德企图策划与美女潘妮的约会,两个人都向物理学博士谢尔顿寻求建议。谢尔顿对潘妮说:就像薛定谔的猫既是死的也是活的,你跟莱纳德约会的结果也既是好的也是坏的,想知道结果,唯一的办法就是打开盒子——真正去赴约。在这部剧的第五季,谢尔顿把自己跟莱纳德的关系描述为“薛定谔的友谊”(Schrodinger's friendship),意思是说,他俩既是朋友又是死敌,这是“薛定谔的猫”的演化版,取的是其“完全相反的两种状态同时存在、结果如何无法预判”之意。

“薛定谔的猫”源于奥地利物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔(Erwin Schrodinger)1935年提出的一个思想实验,目的是揭示哥本哈根派(the Copenhagen Interpretation)对量子力学的阐述如果不是用于微观世界的粒子而用于规模更大的事物——比如猫——会有多荒谬。

这个实验假设把一只猫关在装有放射性粒子和氰化物的密闭容器内:如果粒子发生衰变,就会触发机关,打碎装有氰化物的瓶子,猫就会被毒死;如果粒子不发生衰变,猫就活着。按照哥本哈根派的观点,放射性粒子的状态模糊不清,在没被观察的情况下处于衰变和没有衰变两种状态的叠加,只有被观察时才会随机选择一种状态出现。换言之,在盒子被打开前,猫既死又活,处于死猫和活猫的叠加状态。

量子物理听上去很玄,也的确很玄。哥本哈根派的代表人物、丹麦物理学家戴维·玻尔(David Bohr)有言,谁要是说自己可以思考量子物理而不感到头晕,那就说明他根本不懂量子物理!就“薛定谔的猫”而言,简单地说,它体现了两种哲学思想:一派(玻派)认为,不存在什么客观世界,人所能做的只是对世界做出解释;另一派(薛派)认为世界客观存在,不以人的主观为转移。

比如,玻尔说:“物理学讲的不是世界是怎样的,而是关于世界我们可以说什么。”(Physics is not about how the world is, it is about what we can say about the world.)哥本哈根派的另一位代表人物维尔纳·海森贝格(Werner Heisenberg)也说:“我们观察到的不是自然本身,而是自然在我们的探索方式下展现的样子。”(What we observe is not nature itself, but nature exposed to our method of questioning.)薛定谔则认为:“我面对的世界仅有一重,不是一个客观的世界和一个感知的世界,主体和客体是一体。”(The world is given to me only once, not one existing and one perceived. Subject and object are only one.)

这三位都是诺贝尔物理学奖得主,都有跌宕起伏的传奇人生。不同之处在于,薛定谔因为一只猫在大众文化领域被津津乐道——或者说,薛定谔还不如他的猫有名。(赵菲菲)

发布于 2025-10-26 15:13
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